Climate Change Poses Growing Threats to Uganda's Poultry Sector

Poultry farming, a vital income source for many Ugandan households, is increasingly threatened by the escalating impacts of climate change. What was once a predictable sector is now battling a volatile climate characterized by prolonged dry spells, intense heatwaves, unexpected heavy rains, and sudden temperature drops.

Experts highlight that climate change is moving beyond theoretical discussions and directly affecting agricultural livelihoods. “Abnormal temperature fluctuations cause stress in birds, leading to reduced production and a higher incidence of diseases,” explains Aisha Nankya, an agronomist and livestock production specialist. Many traditional housing systems are proving inadequate for the rapidly changing weather conditions.

Extreme heat poses a significant danger as chickens cannot sweat. During hot periods, they pant to cool down, a process that drains energy, suppresses appetite, and hinders growth and egg production. “In severe cases, especially with fast-growing broilers, heat stress can lead to sudden deaths due to the inability to regulate body temperature,” notes Dr. Samuel Kigozi, an agronomist working with farmers in central Uganda. Farmers with poorly ventilated iron-sheet structures are particularly vulnerable.

Changing rainfall patterns exacerbate disease outbreaks. Heavy rains and high humidity create environments conducive to bacterial infections, parasites, and respiratory ailments. Damp litter in poorly drained poultry houses releases ammonia, irritating birds’ respiratory systems and making them susceptible to diseases like coccidiosis and Newcastle disease.

In response to these challenges, farmers are being urged to invest in climate-smart housing. This includes improving ventilation, raising roof heights, reducing overcrowding, and planting trees for natural cooling. Traditional insulating materials like papyrus and banana fibre are also seeing a resurgence for their effectiveness in regulating internal temperatures.

While heat stress garners much attention, sudden cold snaps, especially at night during rainy seasons, are detrimental to chicks. Cold weakens their immune systems, increasing risks of pneumonia and other respiratory infections. Furthermore, climate change disrupts the supply chain for essential poultry feed, such as maize and soybeans, leading to sharp price increases and forcing farmers to explore alternative, carefully balanced diets.

Water scarcity during extended dry seasons is another growing concern, as poultry require ample clean water for cooling and productivity. Experts recommend rainwater harvesting systems and strict hygiene practices for water containers. Ultimately, adaptation through climate-smart practices and early warning systems is crucial for the resilience of Uganda’s poultry sector against future climate pressures.